personal therapy "MASK THERAPY"

MASK THERAPY

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

         

          This therapy believes that each individual uses defense mechanism to cover their true personality for their own benefits , for other people to accept them when they are interacting or communicating with them. A strategy of distorting reality used by the ego to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by the conflicts of everyday life. And defense mechanism will lessen the self- confidence of an individual because they don't express and show their real personality for other people to accept them for what they are. Their environment is the big factor why they act and think of that therapy, their environment become judgmental in that case they never show their own to be not neglected and to be accept to the society. Too much expectation to them from other people motivates them to strive through defense mechanism.

DEVELOPING MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

          The Maskirian therapists believe that maladaptive behavior is being develop in developing a defense mechanism. This maladaptive behavior is being develop because they don't want to disappoint other or even their selves. When people loss the sense of courage in facing the real life situation they become inferior. They exaggerated feelings of weakness and a belief that they can't over come one's difficulties. But when people succeed in using defense mechanism they gain courage and sometimes they become superior. They achieve their ultimate goals in striving that motivates an individual to keep his or her true personality. The use of unrealistic striving is for the benefits of everybody.

FUNCTION OF THE THERAPISTS

          Maskirian therapists helps the clients to lead to their perspectives. Therapists also function as educator to help the clients to built strengths for their personality. The Maskirian, works to establish and maintain an accepting and encouraging the clients to face real life situation.

GOALS OF THERAPY

          Maskirian therapists goal is to help people to develop a sense of accepting behavior. To decrease a sense of inferiority and change it to a better one. Developing socialization with others by showing what you are without keeping your personality and to be unrealistic.

MAJOR METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

          The therapeutic techniques that maskirian therapists use are the following:

·                    BACKGROUND

          - gathering information about the clients

·                    TRACING

          - looking for the reason why the client react and act like that. The possible reason in clients action.

·                    INTERPRETING

          -give your clients a situation and let the client react on the given situation and as therapists you will give your interpretation.

·                    REFLECTION

          -the therapists will give a scenario and let your client reflect in the given scenario. And it also develop sense of realization.

APPLICATION

          Maskirian therapy has been applied to a wide variety of clinical issues. This approach can be applied and illustrated to the case of Xander.

          In the classroom scenario, Xander is one of the grade IV students, studying in an exclusive private school, with a full scholarship in their school administrator. This is a big opportunity for Xander because his parents are unable to send him to school.

          Xander is one of the many children who is wishing for a wealth, but unfortunately his not one of them. As the school year start, it is a big adjustment for Xander. Coping with others is a hard time for him, specially they are not in the same level. He is neglected by somebody that as time goes by he didn't take it anymore.

          One of Xander's classmate talk to him, " Hi Xander, I though your a poor guy, I'm a right? and if yes, you don't have place here specially being our friends." Then Xander think, then immediately said, " Of course not, I'm not one of them, I have lots of toys and gadgets and eat delicious foods same with you and to all of you, is that enough? he replied. "That's fabulous, now your one of my and our friends" then he smiled.

          But as the issue grow, Xander never take it anymore, he has no alibi to think off. So the therapists talk to Xander, Maskirian therapists let Xander realize the whole situation. Xander's replied is , " I do that for alibis, for my environment to accept me for what I'm".

          Then as Xander realize all things, he become responsible and felt a keener of achievement and face the reality of life.

 

         

ADLERIAN SUMMARY

ADLERIAN THERAPY


                                                               


Alfred Adler was born in Vienna in 1870 of a middle-class family and died in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1837 while on a lecture tour. HE received a medical degree in 1895 from the University of Vienna. At first he specialized in opthalmology and then, after a period of practice in general medicine, he became a psychiatrist. HE was one of the character members of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and later its president. However, Adler soon began to develop ideas that were at variance with those of Freud and others in the Vienna Society, and when these differences became acute, he was asked to present his views to the society. this he did in 1911. As a consequence of the vehement criticism and denunciation of Adler's position by other members of the society, Adler resigned as president and a few months later terminated his connection with Freudian psychoanalysis (H.L & R.R. Ansbacher, 1956, 1964; Colby, 1951;Jones,1955)


He then formed his own group, which came to be known as Individual Psychology and attracted followers throughout the world.


Adler's personal history provides a clear example of the striving to overcome inferiority, which became the central theme in his theory. As a boy, he was weak, clumsy, unattractive, and initially a poor student. He was run over by carriages on several occasions, and he developed rickets and pneumonia. The latter disease led a physician to tell Adler's father " your boy is lost", an event to which Adler traced his decision to become a physician(orgler,1963p.16) Adler recognized that his own success in compensating for these deficiencies served as a model for his theory of personality(bottome,1939,p.9)


Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges. Humans are accdng/ to Adler, inherently social beings. they relate themselves to other people engage in cooperative social activities, place social welfare above selfish interest, and acquire a style of life that is predominantly social in orientation. Adler did not say that humans become socialized merely by being exposed to social processes. Social interest is inborn, but the specific types of relationships with people and social institutions that develop are determined by the nature of the society into which a person is born. Freud and Adler assume that a person has an inherent nature that shapes his/her personality. Freud emphasized sex , Adler stressed social interest. this emphasis upon the social determinants of behavior that had been overlooked or minimized by Freud is probably Adler's greatest contribution to psychological theory. it turned the attention of psychologists to the importance of social variables and helped to develop the field of social psychology at a time when social psychology needed encouragement and support.


FUNCTION OF THE THERAPY


Adlerian therapists often function as educators who attempt to build on strengths the client already demonstrates.Encouragement is critical as the therapist work to establish and maintain an accepting, caring, cooperative relationship with the client. The work of therapy is viewed as collaborative, where the client and the counselors are partners, working toward mutually agreed-upon and clearly identified goals. in short, the Adlerian counselor's energy is invested not in analysis but in encouragement.


GOALS OF THERAPY


Adlerian therpy seeks to decrease a sense of inferiority in clients and help them encase their social interest. By helping people to contribute, by altering faulty motivations that underlie even acceptable behavior, by encouraging equality, Adlerians seek to change the life styles, the perceptions, and the goals of their clients.


MAJOR METHODS AND TECHNIQUES


The most common therapeutic techniques of Adlerian therapy include  investigating the client's life style(basic orientation toward life.) This is done systematically by exploring "3 entrance gates to mental life".1st  of these is birth order,which examines one's position within the family and the expectations and roles that typically result from it. the 2nd is early recollections, which encapsulate one's present philosophy of life. and the 3rd is dreams, which in Adler's view, serve to rehearse how one might deal with problems in the future.


APPLYING ADLER TO SCHOOL COUNSELING AND EDUCATION


1. School counselors need to help children develop a positive lifestyle and social interest.
2. The goal is establishing a positive self-esteem.
3. Children can learn advanced social skills when given the opportunity to belong to a group.
       a. Collaboration between students and counselors, students and educators, and students is extremely important for valuing cooperationand not competition.


-Misbehavior in the classroom is usu. the stem for counseling assistance. knowing what the motivation behind self-defeating behaviors is can help counselors an educators better handle these situations.


1. Attention getting
2. Power
3. Revenge
4. Compensation for inadequacy experienced by the student.


- Misbehavior is the student's choice to fulfill a need.


- School counselors and teachers should help modify the child's motivation rather than focusing on changing the child's behavior.




ALAJAS, RACHELLE V.
PLATA, CAMILLE
MONDELO, KATRINA
REGACHO, SHAILA
OBUSAN, LOVE LEE

"Christmas for sale"

"Glory to God in high heaven, Peace on earth to those on whom his favor rests"


     Christmas has always been a special event for all Filipino families. Because it is the time when Jesus himself came into his human family and gave special importance and dignity to all. In our country, nine days before Christmas day, church bells ring at dawn. Signalling the start to the Misa de Galio. A band, composed of very young musicians, tries to wake people up so they can attend the mass at dawn. Soon the church is full. The priest comes out of the sacristy and starts the mass. The choir starts to sing Christmas songs accompanied by different musical instruments. During the homily, the priest reminds the people to prepare themselves for the coming of our Lord. He tells them to prepare themselves not only physically but spiritually as well. After the mass, as is the custom in the Philippines, same families, buy native delicacies like bibingka, puto bumbong, kesong puti and kutsinta. Then they go home to partake of a hot and delicious breakfast.


     Our celebration of Jesus birth gathers us Filipinos together, as one family. As is the custom in the Philippines, people flocks to the churches for the dawn masses as part of their preparation for the big celebration of Christ's birth. On Christmas day itself, families gather to celebrate the birth of the promised Messiah. One way to celebrate it is through "Christmas Para liturgy". Christmas, a season of joy and hope. A time for giving and sharing God's wonderful and bountiful gifts and blessings.


     There are many Filipinos that when they hear "Christmas" they also though that it is the time for everything new. New dress, appliances, new fashion, etc.Many Filipino's became materialistic during this time. They though that Christmas is the day of shopping time and visiting their godmother and their god father to get their "pamasko". This day is the time of giving and without expecting that you will receive too. But make sure that when you receive something  you appreciate it well.Christmas is not all about new cloths or new fashion, it is all about accepting God in your heart. Remember that God doesn't request any material thing to us when He was born here on earth. One thing that He requested to us is to believe in His words. But people is too sinner they don't believe in His words and He was trapped by many people.


     Christmas is the time of birth of the Savior of the world meeting is Jesus Christ. This is a very important celebration of all mankind that symbolizes love and tolerance, forgiveness, inclusion of all relatives and friends. We have different ways to celebrate Christmas but remember  the true meaning of Christmas is accepting God to enter  your home and to your hearth and soul. 

checklikst

·  Classroom Observations:

____ Happy cheerful atmosphere for both teachers and children.
____ School philosophy is carried out in the classroom.
____ Children engaged in hands on, open ended play.
____ Limited or no time spent on computer/ditto's
____ Children's art displayed throughout the school.
____ Art is more process (individual creativity)than product
____ You can tell what theme or emergent curriculum topic children are
learning about by books, art, puzzles, toys and bulletin board
content.
____ Classrooms may be mess after exuberant play, but should be clean
underneath. Walls, windows, carpets, shelving should be clean.
____ Rooms and toys are organized making it easy for children to access
materials and put them away.
____ Organized, clean bathrooms,diaper changing area
____ Water, bathrooms, soap, toilets are readily accessible to children.
____ Variety of age appropriate toys and materials in good repair and
enough for several children to be playing in the same area without
conflict.
____ The majority of time should be conflict free.

·  3

Staff
____ Lesson plans, birthdays, daily schedule, parent volunteer
opportunities posted.
____ Attire worn by staff should be easy to move and play in, yet look
professional.
____ Teacher/child interactions are relaxed and respectful.
____ Deals with the unexpected with calm, reassurance, respect,
professionalism.
____ During discipline moments teachers rarely use time out, and guides
children to appropriate actions using positive discipline
techniques. More Yes's than No's
____ During free play or child directed play teachers are interacting,
observing, guiding play rather than using the time for chatting
with staff.
____ Teachers must multitask. The teacher's is aware of classroom
activity while washing dishes, hanging art, preparing snack, etc.
and can easily stop to attend to children
____ Teachers and staff greet visitors.

Self-Care

If a child is...

_Having difficulty biting or chewing food during mealtime_

_Needing a prolonged period of time to chew and/or swallow

_Coughing/choking during or after eating on a regular basis

_

Demonstrating a change in vocal quality during/after eating (i.e. they sound gurgled or hoarse when speaking/making sounds)

_Having significant difficulty transitioning between different food stages

_

Not feeding him/herself finger foods by 14 months of age

_Not attempting to use a spoon by 15 months of age

_

Not picking up and drinking from a regular open cup by 15 months of age

_Not able to pull off hat, socks or mittens on request by 15 months of age

_Not attempting to wash own hands or face by 19 months

_Not assisting with dressing tasks (excluding clothes fasteners) by 22 months

_Not able to deliberately undo large buttons, snaps and shoelaces by 34 months

Social/Emotional/Play Skills

_Not making eye contact during activities and interacting with peers and/or adults

_Not performing for social attention by 12 months

_Not imitating actions and movements by the age of 24 months

_Not engaging in pretend play by the age of 24 months

_Not demonstrating appropriate play with an object (i.e. instead of trying to put objects into a container, the child leaves the objects in the container and keeps flicking them with his fingers)

_Fixating on objects that spin or turn (i.e. See 'n Say, toy cars, etc.); also children who are trying to spin things that are not normally spun

_Having significant difficulty attending to tasks

_Getting overly upset with change or transitions from activity to activity

Sensory

If a child is...

_Very busy, always on the go, and has a very short attention to task

_Often lethargic or low arousal (appears to be tired/slow to respond, all the time, even after a nap)

_A picky eater

_Not aware of when they get hurt (no crying, startle, or reaction to injury)

_Afraid of swinging/movement activities; does not like to be picked up or be upside down

_Showing difficulty learning new activities (motor planning)

_Having a hard time calming themselves down appropriately

_Appearing to be constantly moving around, even while sitting

_Showing poor or no eye contact

_Frequently jumping and/or purposely falling to the floor/crashing into things

_Seeking opportunities to fall without regard to his/her safety or that of others

_Constantly touching everything they see, including other children

_Hypotonic (floppy body, like a wet noodle)

_Having a difficult time with transitions between activity or location

_Overly upset with change in routine

_Hates bath time or grooming activities such as; tooth brushing, hair brushing, hair cuts, having nails cut, etc.

_Afraid of/aversive to/avoids being messy, or touching different textures such as grass, sand, carpet, paint, playdoh, etc.

Possible visual problems may exist if the child... 

_Does not make eye contact with others or holds objects closer than 3-4 inches from one or both eyes
_Does not reach for an object close by

Possible hearing problems may exist if the child... 

_Does not respond to sounds or to the voices of familiar people

_Does not attend to bells or other sound-producing objects

_Does not respond appropriately to different levels of sound

_Does not babble

Cognition/Problem Solving

If a child is...

_Not imitating body action on a doll by 15 months of age (ie, kiss the baby, feed the baby)

_Not able to match two sets of objects by item by 27 months of age (ie, blocks in one container and people in another)

_Not able to imitate a model from memory by 27 months (ie, show me how you brush your teeth)

_Not able to match two sets of objects by color by 31 months of age

_Having difficulty problem solving during activities in comparison to his/her peers

_Unaware of changes in his/her environment and routine

 How to Observe a Preschool- Checklist | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_4717135_observe-preschool-checklist.html#ixzz17ddAhucH

pre-schoolers problems

PHYSICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRE-SCHOOLERS

Children and weight problems

Information

In the U.S., at least one out of five kids is overweight. The number of overweight children continues to grow. Over the last two decades, this number has increased by more than 50 percent and the number of "extremely" overweight children has nearly doubled.

A doctor determines if children are overweight by measuring their height and weight. Although children have fewer weight-related health problems than adults, overweight children are at high risk of becoming overweight adolescents and adults. Overweight adults are at risk for a number of health problems including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure stroke, and some forms of cancer.

Did You Know That...

• Obese children and adolescents have shown an alarming increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes.
• Many obese children have high cholesterol and blood pressure levels, which are risk factors for heart disease.
• One of the most severe problems for obese children is sleep apnea (interrupted breathing while sleeping). In some cases this can lead to problems with learning and memory.
• Obese children have a high incidence of orthopedic problems, liver disease, and asthma.
• Overweight adolescents have a 70 percent chance of becoming overweight or obese adults.

Children become overweight for a variety of reasons. The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. In rare cases, a medical problem, such as an endocrine disorder, may cause a child to become overweight. Your doctor can perform a careful physical exam and some blood tests, if necessary, to rule out this type of problem.

BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS

Sleepy in early childhood

Description:

Managing sleep for babies and children is one of the most common concerns for parents. Many worry about whether they are doing the right thing if their child doesn't sleep soundly all through the night. Grief and Loss Growing up is an ongoing process of change that involves losses as well as gains. Children can learn to manage and deal with the losses that will happen throughout their lives. Night Terrors Night terrors are not harmful, and unless they persist for weeks, are best handled by tucking the child in and trying not to worry. Trauma Preschoolers are vulnerable to traumatic events such as disasters, bushfires, life-threatening accidents or illness, crime, violence or abuse. They may not yet be able to use words but their distress will show itself through changes in behaviour and functioning. Pre-school age children need the assistance of parents and carers to feel safe, understand the experience and recover. Afraid of Starting of School A discussion of why some children are afraid of starting preschool, with tips for helping children settle in at preschool, and ideas for overcoming anxiety about going to preschool or staying at preschool without parents. SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL PROBLEM  Social and Emotional Facts • Kindergarten teachers say that about 20 percent of children entering kindergarten do not yet have the necessary social  and emotional skills to be “ready” for school. • Social and emotional development is important because it contributes to cognitive development. • When children are young, the adults around them (parents, other adult caregivers, preschool teachers) are the most  important influences on their social and emotional development. • Preschool education can support early development with long term social and emotional benefits. Understanding Social and Emotional Behaviors Evaluating social and emotional capability in very young children can be difficult. Accuracy of the child’s behavior  often depends upon certain variables including the age of the child, when the behavior occurs, the setting where it  occurs, and which adults are present at the time. Developmental and cultural variability, differences in adult and child  temperament, and changing behavioral expectations are some factors that make social and emotional assessment  particularly challenging. For example, one family may tolerate loud talking and throwing of play toys while another  family may tolerate only quiet voices and no throwing of objects indoors. A two-year-old who throws herself on the  floor at the supermarket and screams because she can’t have a chocolate donut will not be labeled “unusual” while an  eight-year old who does the same would be. Very young children, for example, have to learn to understand and recognize their own feelings, but then they  increasingly learn to associate verbal labels to those feelings, to learn that others have feelings too, and to begin to  sympathize with others. As children grow older, they learn to manage their emotions to block feelings of anxiety,  sadness, or frustration, and to delay gratification in order to achieve a goal. Children need a combination of intellectual skills, motivational qualities, and social emotional skills to succeed in school.  They must be able to understand the feelings of others, control their own feelings and behaviors, and get along with  their peers and teachers. Children need to be able to cooperate, follow directions, demonstrate self-control, and “pay  attention.”  One of the most important skills that children develop is self-control - the ability to manage one’s behavior  so as to resist impulses, maintain focus, and undertake tasks even if there are other more tempting options available.  Self-control motivates the ability to take on every task, so that the outcomes are not just how children get along with  one another but also how they can focus and learn in the classroom. Social-emotional skills include the following: •        The child is able to understand and talk about his/her own feelings. •        The child understands the perspective of others and realizes that their feelings may be different from his/her own  feelings. •        The child is able to establish relationships with adults and maintains an ongoing friendship with at least one other  child. •        The child is able to enter a group successfully. •        The child is able to engage in and stay with an activity for a reasonable amount of time with minimal adult  support. Social-emotional skills include the following: •        The child is able to understand and talk about his/her own feelings. •        The child understands the perspective of others and realizes that their feelings may be different from his/her own  feelings. •        The child is able to establish relationships with adults and maintains an ongoing friendship with at least one other  child. •        The child is able to enter a group successfully. •        The child is able to engage in and stay with an activity for a reasonable amount of time with minimal adult  support. Social and emotional development involves the achievement of a set of skills. Among them is the ability to: • Identify and understand one’s own feelings. • Accurately read and comprehend emotional reactions from others. • Manage strong emotions and their expression in a constructive manner. • Control one’s own behavior. • Develop compassion for others. • Establish and maintain relationships. Social and Emotional Behaviors in Preschool Children with social and emotional problems enter kindergarten unable to learn because they cannot pay attention,  remember information on purpose, or act socially in a school environment. The result is growing numbers of children  who are hard to manage in the classroom. These children cannot get along with each other, follow directions, and are  impulsive. They show hostility and aggression in the classroom and on the playground. The problems begin before  kindergarten. In some studies as many as 32 percent of preschoolers in Head Start programs have behavioral problems. Children lacking social and emotional skills suggest that teachers spend too much time trying to restrain unmanageable  children and less time teaching. Early childhood teachers report that they are extremely concerned about growing  classroom management problems, and that they are unprepared to handle them. Kindergarten teachers report that more  than half of their students come to school unprepared for learning academic subjects. If these problems are not dealt  with, the result can be growing aggression, behavioral problems and, for some, delinquency and crime through the  school years and into adolescence and adulthood. Social and Emotional Aggression Continual physical aggression, high-school dropout rates, adolescent delinquency, and antisocial behavior have all been  associated with early childhood conduct problems. The preschool years are a vulnerable period for learning to control  development of aggression. Children who display high levels of physical aggression in elementary school are at the  highest risk for taking part in violent behaviors as adolescents. Researchers believe that children with difficult, disruptive behavior (poor social and emotional skills) are at risk for  these later problems for at least three reasons: (1) teachers find it harder to teach them, seeing them as less socially and  academically capable, and therefore provide them with less positive feedback; (2) peers reject them, which obstructs an  important opportunity for learning and emotional support; and (3) children faced with this rejection from peers and  teachers are likely to dislike school and learning, which leads to lower school attendance and poorer outcomes. Difficult behavior exhibits itself early, even before children begin kindergarten; the pattern of rejection and negative  experiences begins early, too. The early experience of rejection can have lasting emotional and behavioral impacts  beyond elementary school, creating the problem even more difficult to reverse. Developing Social and Emotional Skills Promoting social and emotional development and preventing problems caused by inadequate development is clearly  important to individuals and to society. They begin with the relationships children form with the people around them,  including parents, caregivers, and peers. One characteristic of a successful person is his or her ability to live and work  peacefully and productively with others. Social capacity is the ability to interact positively within personal and family  relationships, as well as the ability to demonstrate positive concern and consideration. Emotionally healthy children  engage in positive behaviors, develop mutual friendships, and are more likely to find acceptance from their peers. Through play, children learn how to work in teams and cooperate with others. Their behavior and interactions influence  the way in which teachers perceive them and the way they are treated by their peers. As early as preschool, the  relationships children develop with one another can have a lasting impact on academic achievement, because they can  contribute to more positive feelings about school and eagerness to engage in classroom activities, which can, in turn,  lead to higher levels of achievement. Social Emotional Problems and Peer Relationships Social interaction with peers builds upon and improves the rules and customs of social interaction that children first  encounter in their families. Although many adults assume that the influence of peers on adolescents is negative, the  repercussions of peer relationships are often more positive than negative. Peer relationships can provide cognitive,  social, and physical stimulation through mutual activities and conversations. Friendships in particular can provide  emotional security and compassion and can often serve as an additional source of support outside of the family,  especially in times of crisis. Children must be provided an emotionally secure and safe environment that prevents any form of bullying or violence,  where they can be effective learners and integrate the development of social and emotional skills within all aspects of  school life. These skills include problem-solving, coping, conflict management/resolution and understanding and  managing feelings. Gaining social and emotional skills enables children to learn from teachers, make friends, express  thoughts and feelings, and cope with frustration. These kinds of skills, in turn, directly influence cognitive learning such  as early literacy, numeracy and language skills. Early rejection by peers has been associated with persistent academic and social difficulties in elementary school. That  is why it is important to have skilled preschool teachers who can intervene when they see children having difficulties  with peers and help the children learn how to resolve conflicts, control emotions, and respond to the feelings of others. Social Emotional Problems in the Family Parents and families play a huge part in determining a child’s social and emotional development. Early relationships with  parents lay the foundation on which social ability and peer relationships are built. Parents who support positive  emotional development interact with their children affectionately; show consideration for their feelings, desires and  needs; express interest in their daily activities; respect their opinions; express pride in their achievements; and provide  support during times of anxiety. This encouragement significantly raises the probability that children will develop early  emotional capability, will be better prepared to enter school, and less likely to display behavior problems at home and at  school. This is why many preschool programs include a focus on parent involvement and parenting education. Interactions with siblings are an important part of child development. These interactions influence the course of a child’ s social and moral development, including the development of good citizenship and good character. In general, having  an encouraging relationship with parents and siblings is important to positive adolescent development. Children who  disconnect from parental influence are at particular risk for delinquent activities and psychological problems. Social and Emotional Support The results of early childhood social-emotional problems may be a response from child distress and suffering, difficulty  with learning, trouble with play, poor peer interactions and sibling relationships, are all warnings of future mental health  problems. Nationally, fewer than 25% of children with clinical mental health problems receive treatment. Promoting  children’s social and emotional wellbeing can help improve their physical and mental health, performance at school and  assist with behavioral problems. A range of factors impact on how children feel, including their individual family  background and the community they live in, everyone needs to work together to agree effective strategies as part of a  team. Children might need more focused instruction on skills such as: identifying and expressing emotions; self-control; social  problem solving; initiating and maintaining interactions; cooperative responding; strategies for handling disappointment  and anger; and friendship skills. Families of infants and young toddlers might need guidance and support for helping the  very young child regulate emotions or stress and understand the emotions of others. Parents should consult with school staff regarding the social and emotional behavioral needs of their children. Once you  have contacted the school about concerns the following steps should be taken. • A consultation with school staff regarding classroom and/or school approaches to behavior and to develop  positive behavior supports and interventions. • Screening, evaluation, identification and referral for children displaying emotional disturbances. • Planning and implementing appropriate academic and other educational supports. • Measuring progress and improvement both for individuals and also for programs. • Interventions for students with chronic behavior and emotional needs. • Small group and/or individual counseling for such issues as social skills, anger control, etc. • Development of expectations such as positive behavior and intervention, prevention of violence, crisis  planning and intervention, etc. • Coordination and referral of children and families to community service agencies, related to mental health  needs. When children have persistent challenging behavior that is not responsive to interventions, comprehensive interventions  are developed to resolve problem behavior and support the development of new skills. The process begins with  arranging the school staff that will develop and implement the child’s individualized education plan. At the center of the  team is the family and child’s teacher or other primary caregivers. The next step is to conduct a functional assessment  to gain a better understanding of the factors that are related to the child’s engagement in challenging behavior. The  individualized educational plan includes prevention strategies to address the triggers of challenging behavior;  replacement skills that alternatives to the challenging behavior; and strategies that ensure challenging behavior is not  reinforced or maintained. The individualized education plan is designed to address home, community, and classroom  routines where challenging behavior is occurring.